[转帖]论小说语言的可读性 胡 平
<table height="188" width="77%" border="0"><tbody><tr><td width="100%" height="13"></td></tr><center><tr><td width="100%" height="75"><h3 align="center"><b><font face="华文行楷" size="6">论小说语言的可读性</font></b></h3></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="60"><p align="center"><font face="楷体_GB2312" size="5">胡 平</font></p></td></tr><tr><td width="100%" height="16"><p class="MsoPlainText" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br/></span></span><font size="3"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “可读性”概念近来在小说批评中被频繁使用，主要是针对一些文字的晦涩难解。其实，可读性绝不仅仅意味着平易浅显，而且意味着有的可读或值得一读。后者才是价值的核心。在小说中，故事的可读性、情节的可读性都不及语言的可读性更为可贵。语言是无所不在的成分，可读性的语言能使人情不自禁将一篇小说默读下来，艺术魅力必然是深厚的。考虑到创作的感染效果，构思中的作家总是首先预计来自主题、人物、情节、情境和细节等要素的情感力度，不大可能把主要希望寄托在语言的运用上。语言，也许是作家最后酝酿的材料，不过很显然，即便是处理相同的题材，发生在语言上的差异也足以变改作品的基本面貌。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 有两种文学语言：可读的与非可读的。虽然一切文字都存在声音的层面，但正如韦勒克所分析的：“通常我们不论读什么，总是‘总体性的’，也就是说，我们总是把印刷的许多文字作为总体来看，并不把它们分解成一系列音素。不仅不会去大声诵读，甚至不会去默读。”①作为例外的是，对于一些好的诗歌和散文，人们也会倾向于朗诵或默读。在前者，除非如此不能领略发自音韵和节奏的美感；在后者，除非如此不能满足含英咀华的欣赏趣味。这种情况下，诗歌或散文作品便带有了真正意义上的可读性，标志着来自语言本体的感染力受到重视。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 散文作品中，强化了这类语言情绪的主要是文化底蕴。语言是文化的象征和模式，当一种语言以典型的形式表现出一种文化基质时，文体本身便具有了耐人寻味的醇厚意趣。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 中国当代小说中，最富有可读性的语言见于农村题材作品，因为农村文化实在是作为民族文化的主体。尽管如此，说大部分农村题材小说具有可读性仍然是勉强的，例如：</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span></span><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">紧擦着地皮，锋利的镰刀稳稳地搭到玉茭杆上，用力一提，唰，现出两个一模一样的圆圆的斜面，淡青色的斜面上发汗似的，汪出些晶莹细碎的汁液来。随着一阵辟辟叭叭的坼裂声，枯黄的叶子带着被它们排起的最后一阵微风倾倒在地头之。于是，这萧瑟的山野间便又辟出一角秋日的空旷。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ——《秋语》</span></span></b></span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这类语言成熟，有特点，基本上无可挑剔，但是属于“看”的语言而不是“读”的语言。读者只去了解语言传达的对象，不太注意语言自身的信息。至于读的语言，必须值得字斟句酌，有些咀嚼下的意味。这种语言只出现在少数作品中，如刘恒《狗日的粮食》中有描写叫“瘿袋”的女人把邻家越过墙头的几只葫芦割来煮吃的一节： </span><br/></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 葫芦大了，估量着掺俩茄子已够吃一天，瘿袋便刮北风似的割了它们。依旧是煮，然后骂也依旧。邻家的嫩崽打了先锋骑墙头日偷儿的娘。这也就威凌凌杀出了瘿袋。不骂人，只骂葫芦。骂得很委屈，葫芦成了骚娘们儿，把漂亮身子递过墙，将清白的瘿袋勾引了。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “心肝葫芦肉儿，你天生是个招人日的货哩，明儿个记着，有骚憋自家院里，便宜自个儿留着……”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 声气儿顿消，邻家女人羞得只剩了拔秧的力气，把一棚葫芦扯散了。吃亏的都说的，西水娘们儿不是个人。天宽也觉得女人八成是着了魔。</span></b></span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这种语言是可读的。“刮北风似的割了它们”，“骂得很委屈”，“把漂亮身子递过墙”、“有骚憋自家院里”，“羞得只剩了拔秧的力气”等句几乎非读不可，值得咀嚼的意味来自农村文化的菁华。典型的农民语言，浸透着几千年积淀下来的农民式的智慧和经验，用这样的语言写小说，可能使语言的效果超过题材的效果成为一种语言文化的展览。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 同样，在城市题材的小说中，富于感染性的语言属于那些充分体现了城市文化的作品，尽管中国城市文化的面貌还不甚鲜明。请看王朔《橡皮人》中的一段： </span><br/></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 杨金丽穿着长统靴神气活现地走进来，左顾右盼，像个轻佻的女纳粹。我叫了她一声，她示意我到她那边的一张桌去，头一摆，眼一斜。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “真他妈腻！”同桌一个朋友说，“能叫谁背过气去。你快到她那边去，别把她招来，受不了。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ……</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 那帮家伙仍冲着这边哈哈乐。我知道他们在嘲笑我，却对杨金丽说：“你瞧，他们朝你乐呢，他们真喜欢你。”杨金丽丢过去一个媚眼，那帮家伙笑得手里的酒都洒了。杨金丽羞涩地掉脸对我说：“挺可爱的一帮男孩儿呵。”</span></b></span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这里无论人物语言或叙述语言都出自都市中特定的阶层，“像个轻佻的女纳粹”、”真他妈腻”、“受不了”、“可爱的一帮男孩儿”等等用语不算很雅，但毕竟别有味道，它们创造了新的符号形式，代表了现实存在的市民文化一种。这类语言在作品中实际构成最细小的“细节”成分，往往起到与典型细节相似的感染作用。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 需要特别谈论的是一种“高文化”语言，它的感染性和可读性不在于文化内涵的深厚，而在于文化意蕴的高雅。这种语言在中国作品中使用不多，主要见于部分当代欧美文学。在西格尔的《爱情故事》中，我们举出奥利弗在图书馆出纳台前初次与詹尼弗相遇并发生口角的一节： </span><br/></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “听着，我需要那本该死的书。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “请你说话检点一点儿好不好。预科生？”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “你凭什么拿准我上过大学预科？”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “你看起来又蠢又有钱。”她边说，边摘下眼镜。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “你错了，”我反驳了一句，“实际上我又聪明又穷。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “不对，预科生，我才是又聪明又穷哪。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 她直瞪着我。一对眼睛是棕色的。好吧，就算我看起来有钱，可我也不愿意让一个拉德克利夫毛丫头叫我笨蛋，哪怕她有一对美丽的眼睛，也不行。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “你怎么会这样聪明？”我问道。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “我决不会跟你一块儿去喝咖啡。”她回答。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “听着——我决不会请你。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “你蠢就蠢在这上面。”她答道。</span></b></span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 这些文字读起来饶有兴味，尤其是后四句。虽然已经过翻译，但无论看英文原著或中文译作都一样令人赞赏，关键是其中带有高水平的文化格调。高文化语言与前面列举的两种深文化语言相比的区别是：习得后者的途径主要在于采集和模仿；习得前者的途径则主要在于文化修养的陶冶。近年来，喜欢阅读外国文学作品或欣赏外国影片的读者和观众的数量逐渐增加，重要原因之一是许多作品仅凭语言一点便能产生无穷的情趣。无可否认，译制片中精采的对白确实有力地激发了观众的想象。在对待外国文学的引进和借鉴上，过去常强调避免创作中句式和语体的欧化倾向，这本来是不错的，但鲁迅又说：“欧化文法的侵入中国白话的大原因，并非因为好奇，乃是为了必要。”②现在看来，这种必要性并不限于文法，而且涉及精神实质。不妨承认，在普遍文化水准上我国与世界先进国家间尚存在相当差距，这种差距自然也表现在文学语言归属的文化层次上。目前我国文学作品的语言受到一般作者文化学质的制约，多依靠来自现实生活的“生活气息”取胜，缺乏来自优越文化意识的诱导，故此语言情绪上终究使人感到意犹不足。如果说这一问题至今还未引起广泛注意，那么也有一部分作家正悄悄致力于改善语言的文化结构。譬如李晓在《本市市长无房住》中运用的句式： </span><br/></span><b><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “她太嫩了，却以为已经成熟到可以领导一个国家。牛犊的权力。”</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> “……有人说：每个成功的男人背后都站着一个成功的女人。而我则让这个自认为成功的女人永远站在前面吧。哲学的变异。”</span></span></font></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 该文体时而在一段末尾兀然添加简短结语，有点出手不凡；通篇文字控制在比较超逸高雅的品格中，能使读者深为器之。尽管高文化小说在现阶段尚多取材于知识阶层生活，部分创作的成功已预示了它的发展前景。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 高文化小说中，更带有感染性和可读性的是幽默文体。不夸张地说，一个真正具备幽默感的作家完全能够凭藉诙谐的语言支撑一部作品的主要效果，好似日常生活中风趣人物走到哪里都带去愉快的气氛。幽默是“把众多观念与出乎意料的机敏结合起来的能力”。天然含有艺术创造的性质；而幽默的运用则无所不在，可以渗透过整个文体。当作者有意识地选择一种诙谐或反讽的笔法时，他的确是聪明地把自己置于一个有利的地位：在处理即使是枯燥的题材中还使读者不时获得快感。茨威格在《象棋的故事》里写道： </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span><b> 琴多维奇在棋桌旁是个无与伦比的大师，可是一站起来，就无可挽救地变成一个怪里怪气的、近乎滑稽可笑的人物。</b></span></font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 同样的意思在缺乏幽默感实际是缺乏足够教养的作家来表达，大约只能是： </span><br/></span><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="楷体_GB2312"><span> 琴多维奇在下棋方面堪称无与伦比的大老，可是离开了棋就变成一个怪里怪气的、近平滑稽可笑的人物。</span></font></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 其中的出入自然关系到语言本身是否值得一读。如果充满睿智的妙语在文本中不时出现，那么读者的情绪就很容易一再受到启发。诙谐的语体决不会适合所有的题材，不过我们也极少见到一部卓越作品中不含有严肃的机智。幽默感是现代人必须具备的文明品质，而在我们的文学中还发展得极不充分；钱钟书曾经依靠这种感觉出色地创造了《围城》，但至今我们的长篇创作中还少有人获得类似的成功。现在的作品是否过偏于严肃呢，归根结蒂还是缺乏高级文化的风度，这一点在日本文学中也有同样的反映。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 可读性并不是评价文学语言的最重要标准，它只是一种令人羡慕的性质，文学的语言方式是多种多样的，一些用词晦涩枯燥的作品同样得到过称赞。但是肯定地说，倘若作家希望强化作品的语言情绪，使文体自身产生诱人的张力，甚至使之成为艺术感染的主要来源，那么就需要以很大的热情改善语言所负载的文化内涵——当然，这也是尤为困难的努力。</span><br/><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> </span><br/></span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font face="黑体"><span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> 注解：</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ①韦勒克·沃伦；《文学理论》第</span>151<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">页。</span><br/><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> ④鲁迅；《玩笑只当它玩笑（上）》，《鲁迅全集》第</span>5<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">卷第</span>42<span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">页。</span></span></font></span></span></font><span style="mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><font size="4"><br/></font></span></p><p class="MsoPlainText" style="LINE-HEIGHT: 200%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;"/></span></p></td></tr></center></tbody></table> 认真学习了。谢谢！ 学习了！ <p>谢谢。。。。。。。。。</p><p>读</p>
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